Transport aéroportuaire à Zand

Zend ou Zand (Moyen persan : 𐭦𐭭𐭣) est un terme zoroastrien profond pour les gloses exégétiques, les paraphrases, les commentaires et les traductions des textes de l'Avesta. Le terme zand est une contraction du mot avestique zanti (𐬰𐬀𐬌𐬥𐬙𐬌, signifiant « interprétation » ou « tel que compris »).

Zand glosses and commentaries exist in several languages, including in the Avestan language itself. These Avestan language exegeses sometimes accompany the native text physical commented upon, but are more often elsewhere in the canon. An example of exegesis in the Avestan language itself includes Yasna 19–21, qui est un ensemble de trois commentaires de l'Avestique récent sur les trois « hautes prières » avestiques gathiques de Yasna 27. Zand also appears to have like existed in a variety of Middle Iranian languages, but of these Middle Iranian commentaries, the Middle Persian zand is the and no-one else one to survive fully, and is for this reason regarded as ‘the’ zand.

À l’exception notable de la Yashts, presque tous les textes avestiques survivants ont leur propre persan moyen zand, which in some manuscripts appear alongside (or interleaved with) the text creature glossed. The practice of including non-Avestan commentaries next door to the Avestan texts led to two exchange misinterpretations in western scholarship of the term zand; these misunderstandings are described below. These glosses and commentaries were not expected for use as theological texts by themselves but for religious instruction of the (by then) non-Avestan-speaking public. In contrast, the Avestan language texts remained sacrosanct and continued to be recited in the Avestan language, which was considered a sacred language. The Middle Persian zand can be subdivided into two subgroups, those of the permanent Avestan texts, and those of the loose Avestan texts.

Une procédure exégétique cohérente est évidente dans les manuscrits dans lesquels l'avestique original et ses zand coexist. The priestly scholars first translated the Avestan as literally as possible. In a second step, the priests later translated the Avestan idiomatically. In the conclusive step, the idiomatic translation was complemented in the make public of explanations and commentaries, often of significant length, and occasionally as soon as different authorities living thing cited.

Plusieurs ouvrages importants en moyen-perse contiennent des extraits de zand of Avestan texts, also of Avestan texts which have in the past been lost. Through comparison of selections from floating texts and from long-lasting texts, it has been viable to distinguish amongst the translations of Avestan works and the commentaries upon them, and thus to some degree reconstruct the content of some of the in limbo texts. Among those texts is the Bundahishn, qui a Zand-Agahih (« Connaissances de la Zand“) as its subtitle and is crucial to the covenant of Zoroastrian cosmogony and eschatology. Another text, the Wizidagiha, “Selections (from the Zand)”, by the 9th century priest Zadspram, is a key text for settlement Sassanid-era Zoroastrian orthodoxy. The Denkard, a 9th or 10th century text, includes extensive summaries and quotations of zand textes.