Luchthaventransfer in Zand

Zend of Zand (Middel Perzisch: 𐭦�𐭣😂) is a Zoroastrian puzzling term for exegetical glosses, paraphrases, commentaries and translations of the Avesta’s texts. The term zand is een samentrekking van het woord in de Avestaanse taal zak (𐬰𐬀𐬌𐬥𐬙𐬌, wat “interpretatie” of “zoals begrepen” betekent).

Zand glosses and commentaries exist in several languages, including in the Avestan language itself. These Avestan language exegeses sometimes accompany the native text being commented upon, but are more often elsewhere in the canon. An example of exegesis in the Avestan language itself includes Jasna 19–21, een reeks van drie commentaren op de Jongere Avestische Kerk over de drie Gathische Avestische ‘hoge gebeden’ van Jasna 27. Zand also appears to have past existed in a variety of Middle Iranian languages, but of these Middle Iranian commentaries, the Middle Persian zand is the on your own one to survive fully, and is for this explanation regarded as ‘the’ zand.

Met de opmerkelijke uitzondering van de Jassen, almost anything surviving Avestan texts have their Middle Persian zand, which in some manuscripts appear alongside (or interleaved with) the text living thing glossed. The practice of including non-Avestan commentaries next to the Avestan texts led to two vary misinterpretations in western scholarship of the term zand; these misunderstandings are described below. These glosses and commentaries were not designed for use as theological texts by themselves but for religious counsel of the (by then) non-Avestan-speaking public. In contrast, the Avestan language texts remained sacrosanct and continued to be recited in the Avestan language, which was considered a sacred language. The Middle Persian zand can be subdivided into two subgroups, those of the steadfast Avestan texts, and those of the at a loose end Avestan texts.

Een consistente exegetische procedure is duidelijk zichtbaar in manuscripten waarin de originele Avestan en zijn zand coexist. The priestly scholars first translated the Avestan as literally as possible. In a second step, the priests after that translated the Avestan idiomatically. In the unadulterated step, the idiomatic translation was complemented next explanations and commentaries, often of significant length, and occasionally past different authorities physical cited.

Verschillende belangrijke werken in het Middelperzisch bevatten selecties uit de zand of Avestan texts, also of Avestan texts which have previously been lost. Through comparison of selections from directionless texts and from surviving texts, it has been viable to distinguish amid the translations of Avestan works and the commentaries on them, and correspondingly to some degree reconstruct the content of some of the floating texts. Among those texts is the Bundahishn, die heeft Zand-Agahih (“Kennis uit de Zand“) as its subtitle and is crucial to the bargain of Zoroastrian cosmogony and eschatology. Another text, the Wizdagiha, “Selections (from the Zand)”, by the 9th century priest Zadspram, is a key text for union Sassanid-era Zoroastrian orthodoxy. The Denkard, a 9th or 10th century text, includes extensive summaries and quotations of zand teksten.