Transfert aéroport à Zand

Zend ou Zand (Moyen persan : 𐭦𐭭𐭣) is a Zoroastrian puzzling term for exegetical glosses, paraphrases, commentaries and translations of the Avesta’s texts. The term zand est une contraction du mot avestique zanti (𐬰𐬀𐬌𐬥𐬙𐬌, signifiant « interprétation » ou « tel que compris »).

Zand glosses and commentaries exist in several languages, including in the Avestan language itself. These Avestan language exegeses sometimes accompany the native text being commented upon, but are more often elsewhere in the canon. An example of exegesis in the Avestan language itself includes Yasna 19–21, qui est un ensemble de trois commentaires de l'Avestique récent sur les trois « hautes prières » avestiques gathiques de Yasna 27. Zand also appears to have past existed in a variety of Middle Iranian languages, but of these Middle Iranian commentaries, the Middle Persian zand is the on your own one to survive fully, and is for this explanation regarded as ‘the’ zand.

À l’exception notable de la Yashts, almost anything surviving Avestan texts have their Middle Persian zand, which in some manuscripts appear alongside (or interleaved with) the text living thing glossed. The practice of including non-Avestan commentaries next to the Avestan texts led to two vary misinterpretations in western scholarship of the term zand; these misunderstandings are described below. These glosses and commentaries were not designed for use as theological texts by themselves but for religious counsel of the (by then) non-Avestan-speaking public. In contrast, the Avestan language texts remained sacrosanct and continued to be recited in the Avestan language, which was considered a sacred language. The Middle Persian zand can be subdivided into two subgroups, those of the steadfast Avestan texts, and those of the at a loose end Avestan texts.

Une procédure exégétique cohérente est évidente dans les manuscrits dans lesquels l'avestique original et ses zand coexist. The priestly scholars first translated the Avestan as literally as possible. In a second step, the priests after that translated the Avestan idiomatically. In the unadulterated step, the idiomatic translation was complemented next explanations and commentaries, often of significant length, and occasionally past different authorities physical cited.

Plusieurs ouvrages importants en moyen-perse contiennent des extraits de zand of Avestan texts, also of Avestan texts which have previously been lost. Through comparison of selections from directionless texts and from surviving texts, it has been viable to distinguish amid the translations of Avestan works and the commentaries on them, and correspondingly to some degree reconstruct the content of some of the floating texts. Among those texts is the Bundahishn, qui a Zand-Agahih (« Connaissances de la Zand“) as its subtitle and is crucial to the bargain of Zoroastrian cosmogony and eschatology. Another text, the Wizidagiha, “Selections (from the Zand)”, by the 9th century priest Zadspram, is a key text for union Sassanid-era Zoroastrian orthodoxy. The Denkard, a 9th or 10th century text, includes extensive summaries and quotations of zand textes.